cell differentiation

Tributyrin (Glyceryl tributyrate), a neutral short-chain fatty acid triglyceride, is a stable and rapidly absorbed prodrug of Butyric Acid. It diffuses through biological membranes and is metabolized by intracellular lipases, releasing effective butyrate directly into cells in vivo, exhibiting potent proapoptotic, antiproliferative, and differentiation-inducing effects.

1. Dehydrocorydaline (13-Methylpalmatine) exerts anti-metastatic potential via suppression of MMPs and Bcl-2 signaling in NSC-LC cells. 2. Dehydrocorydaline stimulates p38 MAPK activation, which can enhance heterodimerization of MyoD and E proteins, thus resulting in MyoD activation and myoblast differentiation. 3. Dehydrocorydaline shows antiplatelet effects, it inhibits thrombin-induced platelet aggregation in a low dose ( IC50= 34.914 ug mL). 4. Dehydrocorydaline has anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects. 5. Dehydrocorydaline inhibits MCF-7 cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis mediated by regulating Bax Bcl-2, activating caspases as well as cleaving PARP.

Brefeldin A (Cyanein) belongs to the class of macrolide antibiotics and is an ATPase inhibitor (IC50=0.2 μM). Brefeldin A can induce tumor cell differentiation and apoptosis, and also possesses autophagy inhibitory activity.

Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a member of the phorbol ester group of natural products, activates PKC, SphK, and NF-κB, and induces THP1 cell differentiation.

(S)-Coriolic acid (13(S)-HODE) is an important intracellular signaling agent generated by the reaction of linoleic acid with plant and mammalian lipoxygenases. It is involved in cell proliferation and differentiation in various biological systems and inhibits the adhesion of tumor cells to the vascular endothelium, while down-regulating IRGpIIb IIIa receptor expression at around 1 μM. Additionally, (S)-Coriolic acid is a metabolite of 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) and often acts as an endogenous ligand to activate PPARγ. It induces mitochondrial dysfunction and airway epithelial damage.

i-Inositol (myo-Inositol) is an intracellular phosphate compound involved in cell signaling and may stimulate tumor cell differentiation.

Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2 (Calciferol)) is a derivative of ergosterol formed by ultraviolet rays breaking of the C9-C10 bond with a strong inhibitory effect against bladder tumor promotion by sodium saccharin, and it induces cell differentiation in leukemia cells. Vitamin D2 is an inhibitor of DNA Polymerase.

Isotretinoin (13-cis-Retinoic acid) binds to and activates nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARs), which act as transcription factors that promote cell differentiation and apoptosis. This naturally occurring retinoic acid has potential antineoplastic activity, exhibits immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory responses, and inhibits ornithine decarboxylase, thereby decreasing polyamine synthesis and keratinization.

L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (Vitamin C phosphate) is a stable and long-lasting vitamin C derivative that stimulates collagen formation and has potential antioxidant capacity. L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate is commonly used to promote osteogenic differentiation of human adipose stem cells (hASCs) in cell culture by increasing alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and runt-related transcription factor-2-DNA(runx2A) expression.

β-Glycerophosphate is a classical serine-threonine phosphatase inhibitor used in kinase reaction buffers. BGP is often used in combination with other phosphatase protease inhibitors for broad spectrum inhibition. It functions as an organic phosphate donor

Trypsin is a serine protease that can be isolated from fish to hydrolyze lysine or arginine carboxy-side proteins. With the anti-inflammatory activity, Trypsin could induce the cell membrane fusion of PDCoV-infected cells through the interaction between the S glycoprotein of PDCoV and pAPN, activate PAR2 and PAR4, and promote cell proliferation and differentiation. Trypsin can be used to promote wound healing and study neurogenic inflammation.

Neoeriocitrin is a natural product isolated from Drynaria Rhizome, shows activity on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation in MC3T3-E1. Neoeriocitrin is a potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor.

Triamcinolone (Aristocort) is a synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. Upon cell entry, triamcinolone binds to and activates the glucocorticoid receptor, which leads to translocation of the ligand-receptor complex to the nucleus and induces expression of glucocorticoid-responsive genes such as lipocortins. Lipocortins inhibit phospholipase A2, thereby blocking the release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids and preventing the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, both mediators of inflammation. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, including interleukin (IL)-1and IL-6, and the activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes is also inhibited. T-cells are prevented from making IL-2 and proliferating. This agent also decreases the number of circulating lymphocytes, induces cell differentiation, and stimulates apoptosis through increasing Ikappa-B expression and curtailing activation of nuclear factor (NF)kappa-B.

Crocetine dimethyl ester (Dimethylcrocetin) is a saffronin derivative exhibiting antioxidant properties, inhibition of AChE activity, and suppression of cell growth and differentiation.

14-Epiandrographolide is a compound derived from the above-ground parts of Andrographis paniculata that induces cell differentiation and can be used in the study of multiple sclerosis.

3-Oxo-5β-cholanoic acid (Dehydrolithocholic acid) is a bile acid metabolite that inhibits TH17 cell differentiation by directly binding to the transcription factor RORγt with a Kd of 1.13 μM.

Prostratin (12-Deoxyphorbol-13-acetate) is an orally active protein kinase C (PKC) activator with a Ki value of 12.5 nM.As an NF-κB activator, Prostratin activates HIV gene expression in T cells.Prostratin inhibits the growth of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines and enhances cytarabine-induced AML cell differentiation. In addition, Prostratin induced KRAS phosphorylation and inhibited the growth of KRAS-mutated tumors.

A potent modulator of cell proliferation and differentiation.

Cytochalasin D is an actin inhibitor, the removal of actin stress fibers is crucial for the chondrogenic differentiation. It may be an inhibitor of some fertilization processes such as sperm penetration or sperm head decondensation. Cytochalasin D inhibit

Nargenicin is a macrolide antibiotic that selectively inhibits the growth of S. aureus, methicilin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and M. luteus (MICs = 0.6, 0.3, and 2.5 μg/ml, respectively) over a panel of 11 Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (MICs = >80 μg/ml). [1] It dose-dependently inhibits S. aureus DnaE in the presence of DNase I-activated DNA and E. coli DnaE when used at concentrations of 0.00001-0.1 and 0.01-100 μg/mL, respectively. [2] In murine BV-2 microglial cells, nargenicin (1 μM) inhibits cytokine expression and nitric oxide production induced by LPS.[3] Nargenicin (200 μM), when used in combination with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or all-trans retinoic acid , reduces cell proliferation by 37-47% and increases cell differentiation by 82-85% in HL-60 human myeloid leukemia cells.[4]

Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate triammonium (GGPP triammonium) is a metabolite involved in protein geranylgeranylation, modulating endothelial cell proliferation and apoptosis during mouse embryonic angiogenesis. GGPP triammonium amplifies T(reg) differentiation by increasing IL-2 expression, improving DSS-induced colitis, useful in cancer research.

Emodin-8-glucoside (Anthraglycoside B) functions to protect from focal cerebral injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion. Emodin-8-beta-D-glucoside directly stimulates cell proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts.

Euxanthone (1,7-Dihydroxyxanthone), an xanthone derivative extracted from the roots of Polygala tenuifolia Willd, has antitumour, neuroprotective and vasorelaxant activities, and attenuates Aβ1-42-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis by inducing autophagy.SB-674042 is used for the treatment of depression.SB-674042 is used for the treatment of depression.SB-674043 is used for the treatment of depression.SB-674044 is used for the treatment of depression.SB-674045 is used for the treatment of depression. 2A (BU-1) cell differentiation.

Dihydrojasmonic acid (PMID:10956150) is a plant growth regulator involved in the modulation of various physiological processes in plants, which includes promoting root growth, influencing cell differentiation, and enhancing stress responses.